WORLD JOURNAL OF ADVANCE
HEALTHCARE RESEARCH

Harsahaj Singh Wilkhoo*, Afra Wasama Islam, Yash Sailesh Kumar, Alexis Tressa Babu, Swapnil Ahuja, Mohammad Azim, Harkirat Singh Wilkhoo

ABSTRACT

Introduction: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a multifactorial chronic disease characterized by insulin resistance, β-cell dysfunction, and systemic metabolic dysregulation. With rising global prevalence, understanding effective management strategies and potential for remission is critical. Evidence suggests lifestyle modifications, pharmacotherapy, and surgical interventions can significantly alter disease trajectory. Methods: A scoping review was conducted following PRISMA-ScR guidelines. Comprehensive searches were performed in PubMed, Scopus, Cochrane Library, Google Scholar, and Embase to identify studies addressing T2DM pathophysiology, management strategies, and remission outcomes. After removing 8 duplicates, 74 records were screened, 6 were excluded, and 68 full-text reports were assessed for eligibility. Two studies were excluded based on pre-defined criteria, yielding 66 included studies. Data extraction was independently performed by two reviewers, focusing on study characteristics, interventions, outcomes, and mechanistic insights. Discussion: Evidence indicates that structured lifestyle interventions, pharmacologic therapies, and bariatric procedures contribute to T2DM remission in select populations. Mechanistic pathways involving metabolic regulation, inflammation, and gut microbiota are central to disease progression and therapeutic response. However, heterogeneity in study designs and populations limits generalizability. The review highlights the importance of individualized treatment strategies and identifies gaps in long-term outcome data. Conclusion: This scoping review is among the most updated and first of its kind to integrate T2DM mechanisms, management strategies, and remission outcomes. It uniquely highlights the interplay of metabolic regulation, inflammation, and gut microbiota in disease progression and therapeutic response. Findings reinforce evidence-based lifestyle and clinical interventions while identifying critical research gaps. By synthesizing mechanistic and clinical insights, this review provides a foundation for optimizing individualized, patient-centered care and guiding future studies in T2DM management and remission.