WORLD JOURNAL OF ADVANCE
HEALTHCARE RESEARCH

Sarah Dhari Khamees*, Manal Ibrahim Muslim and Omer Fawzi Hussein

ABSTRACT

Background: Obesity is a disease with extensive systemic effects and is strongly associated with comorbidities that elevate the risk of renal stone formation. The increasing prevalence of renal stones is likely influenced by lifestyle factors such as obesity and dietary habits. Adults with a BMI ≥40 kg/m² have an elevated risk of diabetes, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia, which are linked to kidney stone development. Objective: To evaluate the relationship between obesity and renal stone formation in postmenopausal women in relation to other risk factors and comorbidities. Patients and Methods: A cross-sectional comparative study was conducted on 450 postmenopausal women with renal stones. Patients were categorized based on BMI into an obese group (300) and a non-obese group (150). Data were analyzed using SPSS-25, with significance assessed using Pearson Chi-square test at P ≤ 0.005. Results: The majority (68.7%) were aged 40–49 years. Most women were married (51.1%) and 38.2% had higher education. Significant differences were found between obese and non-obese groups in marital status, residency, and education. Menopause occurred between 40–45 years in 83.6%, with 72% experiencing natural menopause. Common comorbidities included diabetes (42.7%), hypertension (34.7%), and cardiovascular disease (25.3%), all significantly associated with obesity. A family history of renal stones was reported in 41.6%. HRT use (10.2%) was exclusive to obese women, primarily for UTIs, hot flashes, and bone loss. Obese patients also showed higher use of thiazides, vitamin D, and PPIs. Significant differences were found in LDL, TAG, and urea levels. Obesity was strongly linked to increased urinary excretion and lower pH, contributing to stone risk. Conclusion: Obesity plays a major role in renal stone formation among postmenopausal women, in association with several metabolic and hormonal risk factors.